European Court of Human Rights

European Court of Human Rights Presentation The motivation behind case at the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), is to look at supposed infringement and guarantee that States Parties conform to their commitments under the Convention, furnishing singular candidates with powerful cures and only fulfillment under Articles 13 and 41 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The more extensive target is to secure and install locally the three CoE establishment stones; liberal pluralist majority rule government, human rights and the standard of law to impact auxiliary and institutional change and make a typical fair and legitimate territory all through the entire of the mainland. However involved 47 part states and 811 million residents, the CoE possesses an on a very basic level diverse regional degree to that in May 1949. Initially a social and ideological partner to NATO, it has experienced a focal move in its center usual way of doing things from an interstate procedure of ensuring the majority rule personality of Member States with the help of human rights to its developing bleeding edge job as a judge of liberal human rights thanks to singular request. Significant issues that take steps to sabotage what has been accomplished over the fifty years during which the Convention has worked lead one to ask whether there is any point taking such cases whatsoever. This concise paper is part in two segments. Segment one examinations the tripartite issue sketched out inside PACE Resolution 1226 (2000); the deficient lucidity and casuistical nature of Court decisions, portrayed by doctrinal vulnerability in the edge of gratefulness; the fundamental non-usage of decisions and inability to utilize vital changes that would stay away from further infringement, with a contextual investigation of the Russian Federation; and a study of the inadequate meticulousness and disappointment of the Committee of Ministers (CoM) to apply enough weight when directing the execution of decisions. Segment two, investigates the focal discussion among individual and established equity; and the potential effect Protocol 14 may have on the asphyxiating6] Court and CoM. At long last I evaluate the achievements of Strasbourg case before returning emphatically to our underlying inquiry with an energetic body of evidence for singular appeal against the setting of a tide of human rights maltreatment in post-socialist increase Europe; the utility of the Interlaken recommendations; and conservation of the Human Rights Act 1998. Area One: Problems Hypothetical Fault Lines: An Unprincipled Margin The degree to which there is any point to Strasbourg prosecution is resolved in the primary occurrence by the degree to which the Court can successfully adjust its job as a supranational legal underwriter of liberal maverick human rights, inside the CoE structure of maintaining and conceding to the string of pluralist popular government; an inherently aggregate perfect. For McHarg, Strasbourg law is described by the nonappearance of a theoretical structure incorporating an ideal rights model with a solid origination of the open intrigue. Greer concurs, featuring uncertain regulating, institutional, and adjudicative inquiries, and the disappointment of the Court to convey a solid assortment of law and protected power. The outcome standard, slight choices and un-requested interpretive standards, best case scenario debasing Convention rights and best case scenario denying them. This division is happened through the edge of thankfulness convention; the scope given to States Parties dependent on their better situation with the realities on the ground. ECHR insurances are not supreme, however relative; they are dependent upon exemptions allowing encroachment of the major right or opportunity, explicitly characterized inside passage two of Articles 8-11; and under Article 15 (A15) can be deleted out and out to the degree carefully required by the exigencies of the circumstance. These express definitional limitations help us to remember Bentham; this, we see, is stating nothing: it leaves the law similarly as free and liberated as it discovered it. Severe legal translation and objectivity are basic to the resistance of Convention rights with regards to these exemptions. The adaptability of the edge is for Waldock worthwhile to the evolutive idea of Strasbourg Jurisprudence, and for Dr Arai-Takahashi esteem pluralism being the basic essential and ideals of a liberal popularity based society, a lot of normalized rules would cheapen territorial authenticity and wealth of social qualities and conventions among part states. The CoE is clear in its mean to advance mindfulness and energize the improvement of Europes social personality and diversity.That Convention rights are relative is a debatable issue for pragmatist scholars, since States Parties could never have been eager to be limited by the Convention in any case without defending their vote based sway. However McHarg takes note of the oddity in a lawful plan which should ensure the person against the group, endorsing restrictions to rights on aggregate grounds. How far practically speaking does the ECtHR go towards satisfying the administrative capacity it alludes to in Handyside v UK (1976)? How much does Osts declaration that there will never be an unchallengeable edge remain constant? McHarg discusses doctrinal vulnerability while Jones brings up that even the Courts president has recognized the defense somewhat of analysis of the regulations absence of exactness and use without principled gauges. Fiercer pundits lambast the relinquishment of the Courts implementation obligation. Dembour questions if Convention rights are so brimming with inconsistencies that they are pointless? It is characteristic for the polarity between global individual rights assurances and the national aggregate intrigue that the edge of gratefulness possesses a center situation among subjectivity and objectivity; between a weight of confirmation immovably on the administration on one hand and on the other of wide yielding to it. In Lawless v. Ireland (1961), Waldock attested: a Governments release of obligations is an issue of acknowledging complex factors and adjusting clashing contemplations of the open intrigue; when the Court is fulfilled that the gratefulness is on the edge the intrigue the open itself has in viable Government and support of request legitimizes and requires a ruling for the lawfulness of the Governments appreciation; Simpson saw this mirroring a verifiable assurance to back the specialists. Dembour and Jones individual appraisals of further A15 disparagements show reliably respectful utilizations of the edge, and hesitance to dispassionately examine the presence of a crisis or of the measures executed to handle it. In Greece v. Joined Kingdom (1958), the Commission contended that the evaluation whether an open risk undermining the life of the country existed is an issue of gratefulness; deciding the legitimacy of the oppressive estimates utilized, the UK government appreciated a specific circumspection. Such a position is obviously apparent in Ireland v. Joined Kingdom (1978), affirmed in Brannigan v. McBride (1993), both concerning A15 disparagements of Article 5 with respect to the confinement of suspects in Ireland. A few issues emerge from the method of reasoning utilized in these cases. Dembour causes us to notice the nonattendance of a really and hypothetically exacting examination difficult to legitimize in human rights terms. Without a doubt, the certainty of a wide edge with regards to A15 disparagements, drove Judge Martens to declare that there is no support for leaving a wide edge in light of the fact that the Court, being the final hotel defender, is called upon to carefully investigate each criticism. Jones fights a highly sensitive situation dispassionately definite if a national government has proof of such a circumstance, he inquires as to why this isn't fit for appraisal by a worldwide Court? Usage: A cynical view is all around established Strasbourg law has exhibited the ability of the Court to vigorously maintain Convention rights from significant shows of assertion, guaranteeing a level of equity for candidates and families, universal consideration, responsibility comparable to genuine infringement, and local administrative change. Despite the noteworthiness of such supranational choices, examination of the pending caseload (somewhere in the range of 116,800 cases in October 2009), uncovers a Court confronting unreasonable weight from tedious cases worried about auxiliary issues in common, criminal and managerial procedures; genuine inescapable human rights mishandles; and unsuitable deferrals in the usage of decisions. Usage remains the Achilles impact point of the Convention framework, A concise contextual analysis of Russia underscores the gravity of the circumstance. It is the incongruity of history that the Russian Federation presently possesses a key situation in the very association built up to give European solidarity and security even with Soviet socialism. Containing 27.3% (31,850) of every single pending application at the ECtHR, the Medvedev Government faces extended difficulties in its endeavors to create common and financial opportunities finishing the lawful agnosticism that is truly thwarting present day advancement. I compose following the passing in Butyrka jail of Sergei Magnitsky, an enemy of defilement attorney representing HSBC/Hermitage Capital in the $230m charge misrepresentation case. This case and the continuous second Khordokovsky preliminary are significant of auxiliary imperfections in the Russian criminal equity framework and procuratura that have lead to the allegation and imprisonment of numerous blameless people. Other significant cases exhibit the gravity of the circumstance, including Gusinskiy v Russia, Ilascu and Others v Moldova and Russia, the initial six Chechen cases, Shamayev and 12 others v Russia and Georgia and Aleksanyan v Russia. Leutheusser-Schnarrenbergers late PACE report on politicall

Technology Effects Essay Example for Free

Innovation Effects Essay â€Å"The reality is we didn’t manage everything well until photography made its mark. At that point movies in the mid twentieth century. Radio. TV. Things started to have a mass. † This explanation that Captain Beatty made while having a discussion with Guy Montag, was expressing how the general public had changed once the innovation developed. Fahrenheit 451 is for the most part about the impacts of innovation and its consequences for humankind. It is additionally includes the subject, oversight, however that didn't have a lot of impact on the general public as innovation did. Truth be told it was a direct result of the abuse of innovation, oversight was in any event, being centered around. In this general public houses have parlor dividers and in Montag’s house three of the parlor dividers are secured with’ divider screens’ or huge TV that covers the whole divider. Montag’s spouse, Mildred, scarcely ever quits watching them. Mildred’s most loved projects are the shows that included contents she was given a content with the goal that she could ‘become’ a piece of the shows from her own lounge room. Individuals in this general public even considered the entertainers on these projects their ‘family’. One day Montag was debilitated and he couldn’t handle the commotion of the parlor, so he requested that his better half turn it off. Indeed, even in a circumstance like that she had dismissed his solicitation and answered, â€Å"That’s my family. † The TV isolates one from the remainder of the world. It even replaces the significance of what family really is. The general public doesn't understand how this pointless machine is spellbinding individuals in hazardous manner. Still there is an oversight that states claiming and perusing books are illicit. That doesn't impact one-fourth of the general public, in light of the fact that nobody possesses energy for it in any case. Most of the general public is too bustling staying aware of all their TV programs. That is what is truly influencing the individuals. In Fahrenheit 451, TV isn't the main innovation item that disconnects somebody from every other person. Shell Radios do it moreover. A shell radio is an ear gadget that produces quiet sea sounds all through the whole day. An individual diverted with the unwinding of this can't consider anything. Also, in light of the fact that they can’t hear different sounds , they don’t need to associate with others. It permits them to be in their own reality. With a gadget like the shell radio, it isn't sensible to have a restriction thought that the individuals don’t have the opportunity to think. It isn't that they really don’t have the opportunity to think rather, they are basically not setting aside a few minutes. In the event that the shell radio was not created they almost certain would have had the option to think more.

Situational Theory of Leadership

Situational Theory of Leadership Theories Print The Situational Theory of Leadership By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on October 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on October 01, 2019 Chris Ryan / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand 4 Primary Leadership Styles Maturity Levels Leadership Styles and Maturity Flexible Leadership Model SLII Model SLII Leadership Styles Situational Factors View All Back To Top The situational theory of leadership suggests that no single leadership style is best. Instead, it all depends on the situation at hand and which type of leadership and strategies are best-suited to the task. According to this theory, the most effective leaders are those that are able to adapt their style to the situation and look at cues such as the type of task, the nature of the group, and other factors that might contribute to getting the job done. Situational leadership theory is often referred to as the Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory, after its developers, Dr. Paul Hersey, author of The Situational Leader, and Kenneth Blanchard, author of One-Minute Manager. Hersey and Blanchard’s Leadership Styles Hersey and Blanchard suggested that there are four primary leadership styles: Telling (S1): In this leadership style, the leader tells people what to do and how to do it.Selling (S2): This style involves more back-and-forth between leaders and followers. Leaders sell their ideas and message to get group members to buy into the process.Participating (S3): In this approach, the leader offers less direction and allows members of the group to take a more active role in coming up with ideas and making decisions.Delegating (S4): This style is characterized by a less involved, hands-off approach to leadership. Group members tend to make most of the decisions and take most of the responsibility for what happens. Maturity Levels The right style of leadership depends greatly on the maturity level (i.e., the level of knowledge and competence) of the individuals or group. Hersey and Blanchards theory identifies four different levels of maturity, including: M1: Group members lack the knowledge, skills, and willingness to complete the task.M2: Group members are willing and enthusiastic, but lack the ability.M3: Group members have the skills and capability to complete the task, but are unwilling to take responsibility.M4: Group members are highly skilled and willing to complete the task. Matching Leadership Styles With Maturity Levels The Hersey-Blanchard model suggests that the following leadership styles are the most appropriate for these maturity levels: Low Maturity (M1)â€"Telling (S1)Medium Maturity (M2)â€"Selling (S2)Medium Maturity (M3)â€"Participating (S3)High Maturity (M4)â€"Delegating (S4) A Flexible Leadership Model A more telling style may be necessary at the beginning of a project when followers lack the responsibility or knowledge to work on their own. As subordinates become more experienced and knowledgeable, however, the leader may want to shift into a more delegating approach. This situational model of leadership focuses on flexibility so that leaders are able to adapt according to the needs of their followers and the demands of the situation. The situational approach to leadership also avoids the pitfalls of the single-style approach by recognizing that there are many different ways of dealing with a problem and that leaders need to be able to assess a situation and the maturity levels of subordinates in order to determine what approach will be the most effective at any given moment. Situational theories, therefore, give greater consideration to the complexity of dynamic social situations and the many individuals acting in different roles who will ultimately contribute to the outcome. The SLII Model The Situational Leadership II (or SLII model) was developed by Kenneth Blanchard and builds on Blanchard and Herseys original theory. According to the revised version of the theory, effective leaders must base their behavior on the developmental level of group members for specific tasks. The developmental level is determined by each individuals level of competence and commitment. These levels include: Enthusiastic Beginner (D1): High commitment, low competence.Disillusioned Learner (D2): Some competence, but setbacks have led to low commitment.Capable But Cautious Performer (D3): Competence is growing, but the level of commitment varies.Self-Reliant Achiever (D4): High competence and commitment. SLII Leadership Styles SLII also suggests that effective leadership is dependent on two key behaviors: supporting and directing. Directing behaviors include giving specific directions and instructions and attempting to control the behavior of group members. Supporting behaviors include actions such as encouraging subordinates, listening, and offering recognition and feedback. The theory identifies four basic leadership styles, including: Directing (S1): High on directing behaviors, low on supporting behaviors.Coaching (S2): High on both directing and supporting behaviors.Supporting (S3): Low on directing behavior and high on supporting behaviors.Delegating (S4): Low on both directing and supporting behaviors. The main point of SLII theory is that not one of these four leadership styles is best. Instead, an effective leader will match his or her behavior to the developmental skill of each subordinate for the task at hand. Important Situational Factors Experts suggest that there are four key contextual factors that leaders must be aware of when making an assessment of the situation. These factors include: Leaders need to consider the relationship between the leaders and the members of the group. Social and interpersonal factors can play a role in determining which approach is best. For example, a group that lacks efficiency and productivity might benefit from a style that emphasizes order, rules, and clearly defined roles. A productive group of highly skilled workers, on the other hand, might benefit from a more democratic style that allows group members to work independently and have input in organizational decisions.The leader needs to consider the task itself. Tasks can range from simple to complex, but the leader needs to have a clear idea of exactly what the task entails in order to determine if it has been successfully and competently accomplished.The level of authority the leader has over group members should also be considered. Some leaders have power conferred by the position itself, such as the capacity to fire, hire, reward, or reprimand subordinates. Other leaders gain pow er through their relationships with employees, often by gaining respect from them, offering support to them, and helping them feel included in the decision-making process.As the Hersey-Blanchard model suggests, leaders need to consider the level of maturity of each individual group member. The maturity level is a measure of an individuals ability to complete a task, as well as his or her willingness to complete the task. Assigning a job to a member who is willing but lacks the ability is a recipe for failure. Being able to pinpoint each employees level of maturity allows the leader to choose the best leadership approach to help employees accomplish their goals.

Situational Theory of Leadership

Situational Theory of Leadership Theories Print The Situational Theory of Leadership By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on October 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on October 01, 2019 Chris Ryan / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand 4 Primary Leadership Styles Maturity Levels Leadership Styles and Maturity Flexible Leadership Model SLII Model SLII Leadership Styles Situational Factors View All Back To Top The situational theory of leadership suggests that no single leadership style is best. Instead, it all depends on the situation at hand and which type of leadership and strategies are best-suited to the task. According to this theory, the most effective leaders are those that are able to adapt their style to the situation and look at cues such as the type of task, the nature of the group, and other factors that might contribute to getting the job done. Situational leadership theory is often referred to as the Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory, after its developers, Dr. Paul Hersey, author of The Situational Leader, and Kenneth Blanchard, author of One-Minute Manager. Hersey and Blanchard’s Leadership Styles Hersey and Blanchard suggested that there are four primary leadership styles: Telling (S1): In this leadership style, the leader tells people what to do and how to do it.Selling (S2): This style involves more back-and-forth between leaders and followers. Leaders sell their ideas and message to get group members to buy into the process.Participating (S3): In this approach, the leader offers less direction and allows members of the group to take a more active role in coming up with ideas and making decisions.Delegating (S4): This style is characterized by a less involved, hands-off approach to leadership. Group members tend to make most of the decisions and take most of the responsibility for what happens. Maturity Levels The right style of leadership depends greatly on the maturity level (i.e., the level of knowledge and competence) of the individuals or group. Hersey and Blanchards theory identifies four different levels of maturity, including: M1: Group members lack the knowledge, skills, and willingness to complete the task.M2: Group members are willing and enthusiastic, but lack the ability.M3: Group members have the skills and capability to complete the task, but are unwilling to take responsibility.M4: Group members are highly skilled and willing to complete the task. Matching Leadership Styles With Maturity Levels The Hersey-Blanchard model suggests that the following leadership styles are the most appropriate for these maturity levels: Low Maturity (M1)â€"Telling (S1)Medium Maturity (M2)â€"Selling (S2)Medium Maturity (M3)â€"Participating (S3)High Maturity (M4)â€"Delegating (S4) A Flexible Leadership Model A more telling style may be necessary at the beginning of a project when followers lack the responsibility or knowledge to work on their own. As subordinates become more experienced and knowledgeable, however, the leader may want to shift into a more delegating approach. This situational model of leadership focuses on flexibility so that leaders are able to adapt according to the needs of their followers and the demands of the situation. The situational approach to leadership also avoids the pitfalls of the single-style approach by recognizing that there are many different ways of dealing with a problem and that leaders need to be able to assess a situation and the maturity levels of subordinates in order to determine what approach will be the most effective at any given moment. Situational theories, therefore, give greater consideration to the complexity of dynamic social situations and the many individuals acting in different roles who will ultimately contribute to the outcome. The SLII Model The Situational Leadership II (or SLII model) was developed by Kenneth Blanchard and builds on Blanchard and Herseys original theory. According to the revised version of the theory, effective leaders must base their behavior on the developmental level of group members for specific tasks. The developmental level is determined by each individuals level of competence and commitment. These levels include: Enthusiastic Beginner (D1): High commitment, low competence.Disillusioned Learner (D2): Some competence, but setbacks have led to low commitment.Capable But Cautious Performer (D3): Competence is growing, but the level of commitment varies.Self-Reliant Achiever (D4): High competence and commitment. SLII Leadership Styles SLII also suggests that effective leadership is dependent on two key behaviors: supporting and directing. Directing behaviors include giving specific directions and instructions and attempting to control the behavior of group members. Supporting behaviors include actions such as encouraging subordinates, listening, and offering recognition and feedback. The theory identifies four basic leadership styles, including: Directing (S1): High on directing behaviors, low on supporting behaviors.Coaching (S2): High on both directing and supporting behaviors.Supporting (S3): Low on directing behavior and high on supporting behaviors.Delegating (S4): Low on both directing and supporting behaviors. The main point of SLII theory is that not one of these four leadership styles is best. Instead, an effective leader will match his or her behavior to the developmental skill of each subordinate for the task at hand. Important Situational Factors Experts suggest that there are four key contextual factors that leaders must be aware of when making an assessment of the situation. These factors include: Leaders need to consider the relationship between the leaders and the members of the group. Social and interpersonal factors can play a role in determining which approach is best. For example, a group that lacks efficiency and productivity might benefit from a style that emphasizes order, rules, and clearly defined roles. A productive group of highly skilled workers, on the other hand, might benefit from a more democratic style that allows group members to work independently and have input in organizational decisions.The leader needs to consider the task itself. Tasks can range from simple to complex, but the leader needs to have a clear idea of exactly what the task entails in order to determine if it has been successfully and competently accomplished.The level of authority the leader has over group members should also be considered. Some leaders have power conferred by the position itself, such as the capacity to fire, hire, reward, or reprimand subordinates. Other leaders gain pow er through their relationships with employees, often by gaining respect from them, offering support to them, and helping them feel included in the decision-making process.As the Hersey-Blanchard model suggests, leaders need to consider the level of maturity of each individual group member. The maturity level is a measure of an individuals ability to complete a task, as well as his or her willingness to complete the task. Assigning a job to a member who is willing but lacks the ability is a recipe for failure. Being able to pinpoint each employees level of maturity allows the leader to choose the best leadership approach to help employees accomplish their goals.

Beyonce As A Mediated Symbol - 1524 Words

Taylor Covington PID: 720409631 Comm 140 Paper #2 Bryanne Young Beyoncà © as a Mediated Symbol Beyoncà ©. She’s one of the world’s most beloved pop stars, idolized and respected by millions of women and men around the world. What is it that makes Beyoncà © Knowles â€Å"Queen B† among the young people of today’s society? To state it simply, it is her role as a mediated symbol. She is an idol of women empowerment and beauty. Beyoncà ©, as a powerful and renowned black woman, alters the pre-existing hegemonic ideology of â€Å"white male† equaling power and success in American society. In doing so, she also reinforces the more modern concepts of this Post-Fordist society by â€Å"keeping different from the Jones’†. Though some sources disagree, this essay will argue that because of society’s hegemonic ideology surrounding what constitutes power and the â€Å"ideal woman†, Beyoncà © has become a revolutionary symbol representing minority and women empowerment through the use of media. As an symbol she has and is continuing to demonstrate more modern ideological structures, which in turn demonstrates continuously changing societal ideologies. Before delving into the specifics as to what makes Beyoncà © a revolutionary mediated symbol, it is important to shed light onto exactly what it means to be a symbol. In his introduction to The Semiotics of Eating and Drinking (2012), Paul Manning defines a symbol as â€Å"a sign that stands for its object by convention alone,† (p.10). In America, when we see a photograph ofShow MoreRelatedSocial Media And Its Impact On Society2655 Words   |  11 Pagesgender, sexuality, and class, and develop vocabulary and formal concepts with which to discuss race. She outlined six aspects to racial literacy: (a) racism as a ‘contemporary problem rather than a historical legacy,’ (b) how race and racism are ‘mediated by class, gender inequality, and heterosexuality,’ (c) the â€Å"cultural and symbolic value of Whiteness,† (d) racial identities are learned, (e) a ‘racial grammar and vocabulary,’ and (f) how ‘to interpret racial codes an d racialized practices’ (TwineRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCulture Creates Climate 516 †¢ Culture as a Liability 517 Creating and Sustaining Culture 519 How a Culture Begins 519 †¢ Keeping a Culture Alive 519 †¢ Summary: How Cultures Form 523 How Employees Learn Culture 523 Stories 523 †¢ Rituals 524 †¢ Material Symbols 524 †¢ Language 524 Creating an Ethical Organizational Culture 525 Creating a Positive Organizational Culture 527 Spirituality and Organizational Culture 529 What Is Spirituality? 529 †¢ Why Spirituality Now? 530 †¢ Characteristics of a Spiritual Organization

Biography Of James Harold Doolittle Raid - 871 Words

James Harold Doolittle lived from 1896 to 1993, died at age nighty-six year-old, and he dedicated almost eighty years in his life to aviation. Living through the First and the Second World Wars, Doolittle began his aviation career as an army pilot since he enrolled in the Signal Corps of the U.S. Army during the First World War. Doolittle soon found his talent and passion in aviation, which made him a famous pilot already in 1922 when he became the fist person who flew coast to coast in under twenty-four hours in the United States. In addition to his participation in aviation, Doolittle was the first to bring up the idea of flying through any conditions with obstacles to visibility, and he pioneered instrument flying and helped to develop instruments. Then in 1929, he took off, flew, and landed with only instruments, also known as â€Å"blind flight†. However, the event that made Doolittle household around the world was the Doolittle Raid, which was an aerial raid on the Japan ese homeland planned by him. By looking at the achievements of James Doolittle, people consider him one of the most important people in aviation. James Harold Doolittle was born on December 14th, 1896 in California; however, he spent his youth with his parents, Frank Henry Doolittle and Rosa Cerenah Shephard, in Nome, Alaska. Eventually James’s mother and him left Frank behind and returned to California, where James attended and graduated from Manual Arts High School in 1914. James attended to the

Low Hanging Fruit And Its Effects On The Education Of...

Virtually every school district in the country has been or is currently facing the need to reduce their budget. In the last two years, budget cuts have become far more common in school districts than ever recorded. Some schools are able to cushion the effects of the reductions by shifting fundings around or pulling out reserves, but there is no debate to the fact that these cuts have, in one way or another, a negative impact on the education of students in school districts. Some strategies to reduce fundings in schools are easier to approach rather than others. In many school districts, the emphasis is put unto reducing individual budget line items. An example of one of these convenient strategies is cutting off â€Å"low-hanging fruit†. Some fruit trees may have branches with fruits lower to the ground easier for humans and animals to pick off with little effort; this fruit aptly being named â€Å"low-hanging fruit.† In budgeting, the term is used to identify items in a budget that might be easily accumulated without significantly disturbing the operation of the school or district. Two common examples include reducing office supplies or increasing the cost of school lunches. The problem with low-hanging fruit is that most of these reductions have barely any impact on the overall budget, with little to no change in the budget whatsoever. As no process to reduce budgets is described as ideal, some districts are able to off-put the adversity of the cuts this way, but these practicesShow MoreRelatedBangladesh National Budget Analysis16928 Words   |  68 PagesLetter of Transmittal: 12th August, 2012 Muhammad Enamul Haque Assistant Professor School of Business and Economics United International University Subject: Submission of the term paper on â€Å"Analysis of Bangladesh National Budget For the FY 2012-13† Sir, Here is the term paper on â€Å"Analysis of Bangladesh National Budget 2012-13†, which you have assigned us in order to get a clear understanding over Bangladesh National Budget for FY2012-13. We have tried our best to gather all kinds of relevantRead MoreFactors Affecting the Cultural Beliefs of Tagakaulo Tribe in Southern Mindanao7929 Words   |  32 Pageslive in Mt. Apo. The Tagakaulos bring with them human sacrifices to this spirit of good and bad, especially when they imagine that he is angered or when they come to the volcano to gather sulphur. Each upland river valley or highland plain was the district or domain of a ruling datu, a position which was inherited by primogeniture. The datu was both judge and defender of his fellowmen, who in turn worked his fields. A wealthy datu could have as many wives as he could secure, either by capture or byRead MoreVWT Task 1 1014 Essay5448 Words   |  22 Pagesof the county. (City-Data, 2014) The median household income in 2013 was estimated to be close to $60,000 and 12 percent of residents are living below the poverty level. (US Census Bureau, 2014) Blacks and African Americans make up the majority of low-income people despite the fact that they comprise only 7 percent of the County population. The majority of residents (76.5 percent) are white, 10 percent are non-black Hispanics and 6 percent are Asians. 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Computers Mimic The Human Mind Essay Example For Students

Computers Mimic The Human Mind Essay ComputersMimic The Human MindThe mind-body problem has captivated theminds of philosophers for centuries. The problem is how the bodyand mind can interact with each other if they are separate and distinct. One solution to the problem is to replace any mental term with a more accuratephysical description. Eliminative Materialists take this idea tothe extreme by stating that everything that is believed to be mental willsomeday be explained in terms of the physical world. One way thatpeople try to prove Eliminative Materialism to be true is through technology. Certainly if we are able to create computers and software that mimic thehuman mind, then Eliminative Materialism is a sound solution to the mind-bodyproblem. In order to examine if computers actually do mimic the humanmind then we must first look at the capabilities of the human mind. If one looks closely at the capabilities of the human mind and comparesthem to the most recent technological advances, then it would be obviousthat computers and software are beginning to mimic even the most advancedmental states. In the future, computers will be able to do anythingthe human mind is capable of thus proving Eliminative Materialism to bea sound solution to the mind-body problem. Most of the day the human mind is takingin information, analyzing it, storing it accordingly, and recalling pastknowledge to solve problems logically. This is similar to the lifeof any computer. Humans gain information through the senses. Computers gain similar information through a video camera, a microphone,a touch pad or screen, and it is even possible for computers to analyzescent and chemicals. Humans also gain information through books,other people, and even computers, all of which computers can access throughsoftware, interfacing, and modems. For the past year speech recognitionsoftware products have become mainstream(Lyons,176). All of the waysthat humans gain information are mimicked by computers. Humans thenproceed to analyze and store the information accordingly. This isa computers main function in todays society. Humans then take allof this information and solve problems logically. This is where thingsget complex. There are expert systems that can solve complex problemsthat humans train their whole lives for. In 1997, IBMs Deep Bluedefeated the world champion in a game of chess(Karlgaard, p43). Expertsystems design buildings, configure airplanes, and diagnose breathing problems. NASAs Deep Space One probe left with software that lets the probe diagnoseproblems and fix itself(Lyons). All of this shows that computersare capable of taking information and solving complex problems. Thisis where current technology put obstacles in the way of Artificial Intelligence. The human mind is a complex system of braincells or neurons which accomplishes all of these tasks. Silicon chips,the hardware a computer, is extremely similar to the human brain. The human brain has over ten billion cells, and the largest cell has 200,000inputs(Levin,30). Neurons run in parallel which adds up to trillionsof connections per second. Most PCs run about thirty million connectionsper second. This is a far cry from the capabilities of the humanmind but as technology advances neural technology will begin to close thegap between the two. This is the major obstacle to tackle inorder to build a machine that thinks the same way that a human brain does. Think of it this way. The human mind has had thousands of years toevolve into what we understand of it today. The field of ArtificialIntelligence roots started in 1965. As we learn more about the humanmind and neural network technology improves we will be able to hurdle allobstacles to mimicking the human mind. .uc6befe19e65f7d319a558bac4c4cebb0 , .uc6befe19e65f7d319a558bac4c4cebb0 .postImageUrl , .uc6befe19e65f7d319a558bac4c4cebb0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc6befe19e65f7d319a558bac4c4cebb0 , .uc6befe19e65f7d319a558bac4c4cebb0:hover , .uc6befe19e65f7d319a558bac4c4cebb0:visited , .uc6befe19e65f7d319a558bac4c4cebb0:active { border:0!important; } .uc6befe19e65f7d319a558bac4c4cebb0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc6befe19e65f7d319a558bac4c4cebb0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc6befe19e65f7d319a558bac4c4cebb0:active , .uc6befe19e65f7d319a558bac4c4cebb0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc6befe19e65f7d319a558bac4c4cebb0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc6befe19e65f7d319a558bac4c4cebb0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc6befe19e65f7d319a558bac4c4cebb0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc6befe19e65f7d319a558bac4c4cebb0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc6befe19e65f7d319a558bac4c4cebb0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc6befe19e65f7d319a558bac4c4cebb0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc6befe19e65f7d319a558bac4c4cebb0 .uc6befe19e65f7d319a558bac4c4cebb0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc6befe19e65f7d319a558bac4c4cebb0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Aeneas as Fated Hero EssayThere are computer scientists, engineers,and neurologists researching solutions for these obstacles as you read. The human brain is capable of creativity, learning and emotions. These are the areas where computers lack the technology to compete withhumans but they are working on it. Take creativity for example. Aaron, an invention of Harold Cohen, produces artwork that Cohenhas no way of predicting what Aaron is going to do(Boden). Not onlyis the artwork an original painting but it is also pleasant to look at. Paul Hodgsons program Improviser is a music composer that plays a uniqueperformance in real time(Boden). This does not prove that a computerhas creativity in the same sense that humans do but it is a start. Human creativity springs from association. One has spontaneous thoughtsor actions that are a result of many different past experiences that arerelated by this new thought. Copycat, the brain child of Hofstadter,is closer to this type of thought than any other program(Boden). In her article Artificial Genius Boden states Hofstadter believes thatcapturing the processes that make up creative thinking in a computer programis possible, given that computer could be made big enough and fast enoughto rival the vast complexity of the human brain.Artificial intelligence experts are startingto mimic the human brains function of learning. Scientists at MITare trying to create a machine that simulates the way that humans learnthrough the senses. The robot stated out as a baby, that is no codeto base decisions on. Rodney Brooks, the developer, is concentratingon eye-hand coordination and face recognition and hoping that one day itwill use the information to make discoveries of it own(Smith). DougLenat is trying to teach a computer common sense in hope that the computerwill reason on its own(Smith). He is trying to accomplish thisby manually entering over two million common sense statements such as iceis frozen. Geoffrey Yuen is developing a robot that can learn todo t asks that are too dangerous for humans. Yuen is trying to teach therobot to find a location, remember that site, and return to the same spot. He most first teach the robot to move around obstacles, process information,and learn from its experiences by using the information in future action(Smith). Although these are extremely simple tasks it is a break through on thefrontier of computers learning from past experiences. Emotions is an area of artificial intelligenceis just beginning to research in this year. If computers could haveemotional intelligence then they would be able to respond to the user. Dr. Bernhrd Kammeer is teaching devices how to detect and interpret speech,facial expressions, and finger movements. In the article Computerswith Attitudes Udo Flohr states, Emotional intelligence, these scientistspropose, will help machines recognize and adapt to the users actions andintentions, offering help and support when needed or scaling down the amountof time interaction to fit stressful situations. This would onlysatisfy understanding emotions, what about actually experiencing them?Infantile emotions are a result of interacting with other people. Cynthia Breazeal developed Kismet, a robot that socially interacts andhas emotions. This is accomplished by human drives that become satisfiedor not by human stimulus. The robot reacts accordingly. Happinessis shown by an open mouth and raised eyebrow and eyelids. Sadnessis shown by a clamped mouth, lowered ears and eyelids(Fung). Kismethas the emotions of a new born child that could evolve into full humanemotions. Kismet means destiny. The destiny of EliminativeMaterialism could lie in the hands of such innovations. All of this being proved true then EliminativeMaterialism will be proven a sound solution to the mind-body problem. .u894fe1484814d9b2473bf2d759d6efda , .u894fe1484814d9b2473bf2d759d6efda .postImageUrl , .u894fe1484814d9b2473bf2d759d6efda .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u894fe1484814d9b2473bf2d759d6efda , .u894fe1484814d9b2473bf2d759d6efda:hover , .u894fe1484814d9b2473bf2d759d6efda:visited , .u894fe1484814d9b2473bf2d759d6efda:active { border:0!important; } .u894fe1484814d9b2473bf2d759d6efda .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u894fe1484814d9b2473bf2d759d6efda { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u894fe1484814d9b2473bf2d759d6efda:active , .u894fe1484814d9b2473bf2d759d6efda:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u894fe1484814d9b2473bf2d759d6efda .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u894fe1484814d9b2473bf2d759d6efda .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u894fe1484814d9b2473bf2d759d6efda .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u894fe1484814d9b2473bf2d759d6efda .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u894fe1484814d9b2473bf2d759d6efda:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u894fe1484814d9b2473bf2d759d6efda .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u894fe1484814d9b2473bf2d759d6efda .u894fe1484814d9b2473bf2d759d6efda-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u894fe1484814d9b2473bf2d759d6efda:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bastille EssaySo why do so many people believe that computers will never be able to thinklike human beings? Why do so many people reject the idea machineswill be able to have the ability to learn, be creative, and have emotions?It is due to their religion or belief that human brains are more than justa huge mass of cells working together in that they can experience metaphysicaltransformations(Wright). Elliminative materialism scares the crapout of these people which happens to be the majority of the world. Eliminative Materialism needs to be taken with an open mind. So ourbrain is a natural computer but it is the best and brightest computer thathas evolved over thousands of years(Hinrichs). There should be nothingdehumanizing about this solution to the mind-body problem. In hisbook Consciousness Explained, Daniel Dennett notes, Artificial intelligenceis progressing, creating smart machines that process data somewhat theway human beings do. As the trend continues it will become clearerthat were all machines, that Ryles strict materialism was basically ontarget, that the mind-body problem is in principle solved(Wright). This summary of Dennetts book is right on the mark when computers mimicthe human mind.

Torture, Not Culture - Female Genital Mutilation Essays (1187 words)

Torture, Not Culture - Female Genital Mutilation annon (AN INSIGHT INTO FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION) Female circumcision, better known as Female Genital Mutilation, is an ugly monster finally rearing its head from out of the depths of time. It can attack a girl at any age, with a little prompting from her society, and the aid of an unsuspecting human wielding the knife. Usually, it is performed from a few days after birth to puberty, but in some regions, the torture can be put off until just before marriage or the seventh month of pregnancy (Samad, 52). Women that have gone beyond the primary level of education are much less likely to fall victim to the tradition (Men's..., 34). The average victim is illiterate and living in a poverty-stricken community where people face hunger, bad health, over-working, and unclean water (Female..., 1714). This, however, is not always the case. As one can see in the following story of Soraya Mire, social classes create no real barriers. Soraya Mire, a 13-year-old from Mogadishu, Somolia, never knew what would happen to her the day her mother called her out of her room to go buy her some gifts. When asked why, her mother replied, I just want to show you how much I love you. As Soraya got into the car, she wondered where the armed guards were. Being the daughter of a Somolian general, she was always escorted by guards. Despite her mother's promise of gifts, they did not stop at a store, but at a doctor's home. This is your special day, Soraya's mother said. Now you are to become a woman, an important woman. She was ushered into the house and strapped down to an operating table. A local anesthetic was given but it barely blunted the pain as the doctor performed the circumcision. Soraya was sent home an hour later. Soraya broke from her culture's confining bonds at the age of 18 by running away from an abusive arranged marriage. In Switzerland, she was put in a hospital emergency room with severe menstrual cramps because of the operation. Seven months later, the doctor performed reconstructive surgery on her. Now in the U.S., Soraya is a leading spokeswoman against FGM (Bell, 58). In addition to being active in the fight against FGM, she is a American filmmaker. She has come a long way. Being well-educated about the facts of FGM also brings to light the ugly truth. It is happening on American soil, insists Soraya. Mutilations are occurring every day among innigrants and refugees in the U.S. (Brownlee, 57). Immigrants have also brought the horrifying practice to Europe, Australia, and Canada (McCarthy, 14). Normally, it is practiced in North and Central Africa (Men's..., 34), the Middle East, and Muslim populations of Indonesia and Malaysia (Female..., 1714). Although it seems to have taken root in Muslim and African Christian religions, there is no Koranic or Biblical backing for FGM (Men's..., 34). Many times female circumcision is treated as a religion in itself. It can be a sacred ritual meant to be kept secret forever. As a woman told poet Mariama Barrie, You are about to enter Society {sic}, and you must never reveal the ritual that is about to take place. (Barrie, 54). The ritualistic version of FGM is much more barbaric than the sterile doctor's world which Soraya Mire passed through. Mariama Barrie had to endure the most severe form of FGm at the tender age of ten. Mariama's torture is known as infibulation. There is also excision and sunna. Infibulation consists of the removal of the entire clitoris, the whole of the labia minora and up to 2/3 of the labia majora. The sides of the vulva are sewn or held together by long thorns. A small opening the size of the tip of a matchstick is left for the passage of menstrual blood and urine. Excision is a clitoridectomy and sometimes the removal of the labia minora; sunna is the only type that can truthfully be called circumcision. It is a subtotal clitoridectomy (Female..., 1714). To put this in perspective, infibulation would be like cutting off a man's penis completely, cutting the testicles to the groin, and making a hole in them to have the semen siphoned out (McCarthy, 14). But still, it can get worse. The instruments that can be used to perform the operation are usually crude and dirty. they can include kitchen knives, razor blades, scissors, broken glass, and in some regions, the teeth of the midwife. Because of this, there are many dangers threatenng the victim. The most

Phobias Essay

Phobias Essay Free Online Research Papers My heart starts to race. It feels like its going to explode. My throat closes and Im having trouble breathing. My palms are sweating now, and my head is dizzy. I feel like I might fall, I want to run, but I dont know where This reaction is a way to describe what people feel when they are suffering from a phobia. A phobia is an intense, ridiculous amount of fear of something or a situation that is far from what really could happen. Phobias affect people of all ages. The National Institute of Mental Health has stated that 5.1%-12.5% of all Americans encounter some sort of phobia. They are the most common psychiatric illness among women of all ages and men over 25. When someone has a phobia, they start to feel panic, dread, or anxious when they are near what they are afraid of and they feel relieved when they avoid it. There is a phobia for just about everything. But, mental health professionals group them into three categories. Specific, social and agora. The two phobias I am going to discuss are all specific phobias. Specific phobias are simple and the most common. More of us are traveling by plane these days, but that doesnt mean well enjoy the trip. A United airlines jumbo jet hit massive air turbulence over the pacific, killing one woman and injuring 102 people. A news report like this can be all it takes to have the fear to fly. One of the most common phobias in the world is fear of flying. Acrophobias mainly worry that the plane could crash, and they might die. US airs fearful flyer program is a great way to overcome aerophobia. Every year US airs offers this program in cities across the US. These classes are taught by a clinical social worker, and a pilot, that help people through aviation education, relaxation techniques, and a short flight. A woman named Hillary decided one day to try a treatment sort of like the program offered by US airs. As a kid, Hillary loved to go on airplanes. I loved the smell of jet fuel, the peanuts, the playing cards, the free cans of coke explains Hillary. One day, when she was about twenty, she was on a rocky flight and began to panic. She was afraid she was going to die during the flight. After that, she tried different things to help her through a flight, such as carrying good-luck charms or sitting in certain spots on the plane. Four years later, she realized that she had a phobia and enrolled in a three-day workshop called freedom from fear. The goal of her group of twelve people was to fly from New York to Boston and back by the third day of the workshop. They learned technical information about flying, and practiced ways to get rid of their fears, such as breathing and relaxing. They also explored the controls, opened the doors and windows and walked around on the plane to feel more c omfortable. On the third day everyone took the trip and did fine. After other flights since then, Hillary says she is not crazy about flying, but its not as bad a before. So, were not all afraid of the same thing, but you know that feeling, when your hesitant for a split second at the tip of a steep track after a long, slow climb. You know whats about to happen and theres no way to avoid it now. You grip the handrail, palms sweating, heart pounding and brace yourself for the wild ride down. Most of us have experienced that sudden rush of fear, and get a thrill out of it. But, people who suffer from Coaster phobia, the fear of roller coasters, try to avoid it. So, what is it that you have that intense, ridiculous amount of fear for? Phobias affect people of all ages, so youre not alone. There are therapies out there to help. Why live your whole live avoiding something you might have enjoyed? Research Papers on Phobias EssayNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Hockey GameHip-Hop is ArtThe Spring and AutumnEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMind Travel19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesTwilight of the UAW

Compare and Contrast the Western and Middle Eastern Culture Essay

Compare and Contrast the Western and Middle Eastern Culture - Essay Example Eating with fork and knife is culture in the west but eating with hand is culture in the Arab world. Cultural differences can be found in all aspects when we compare the east and the west. Even when we commence a business activity in a foreign land we need to give importance to the culture followed so that the company is accepted globally. Situated between Africa, Asia and Europe, the Middle East has been the dream destination for travelers, empire builders and traders. The population includes Kurds, Iranians, Arabs, Jews, Turks, Armenians, and Nubians. The diversified population gives rise to the cultural richness in Middle East. Completely in contrast to the eastern culture, the western culture evolved in ancient Greece, slowly spreading over the European countries. The two traditions which contributed to this culture is the inheritance of the classical culture and Christianity. Today this culture has moved out of European countries and gradually spread across the entire globe. This culture mainly dominates in the central European nations and western countries like the US and Canada. We can also see the increasing influence of this culture in Asian nations like India, China, Thailand and Singapore with the liberalization of the economy. The people of the eastern world give great importanc... The people of the Arab world follow Islam. The Koran is the holy book which is considered as a spiritual guide, a system of law, code of ethics and a way of life. All Muslim members are expected to read the holy book everyday. The teachings of the Koran forms the foundation for Islamic culture and tradition. The teachings of Prophet Muhammad are considered paramount in the Koran. Friday is considered as the holy day and no business activity takes place on this day. Facing east (direction of Mecca), kneeling, forehead and palms touching the floor, Muslims pray five times a day and Friday noon prayer is led by a spiritual leader. All the male members of a Muslim family go to mosque compulsorily and the female members pray at home. All Muslims are expected to make a pilgrimage or Hajj to Mecca once in their lifetime. The month of Ramzan is considered as the holy month for rejuvenating oneself by abstaining from food, drinks and personal pleasures in the daylight. (Religion in the cultur es of Middle East. 2006). However, the Christian religion dominates the western culture. The Bible is considered as the force which has created religious identity to the western culture. The religion encourages freedom of expression and speech to both genders equally. Christmas, Easter and Thanksgiving are the important celebrations of this culture. Sunday is considered as the holy day and no business activities takes place on this day. The Vatican City is the place of pilgrimage for this religion, and decisions taken by Pope play an important role, in the progress of the world economy, as the Christian population remains the largest in the world. Family and

Business Strategy Report for H&M Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Strategy Report for H&M - Essay Example the UK fashion market in 1976, and eventually became one of the leaders in the UK fashion-apparel retailing market, with 234 stores across the country, and the second-biggest apparel retailer in the world. (H&M’s Annual Report, 2013) The fashion industry is one of the most vibrant and creative business sectors in the UK. It directly contributes nearly  £21 billion to the UK economy. (British Fashion Council, 2014) H&M is currently ranked as the second-biggest apparel retailer in the world, following the Inditex, the parent company of Zara. H&M states that it vision is that all its operations are run in a way that is economically, socially and environmentally sustainable. (H&M, 2014) The company is helping to meet the needs of both present and future generations by supporting fundraising program, ensuring the working condition in its supply chain and continuously developing new and green materials in production. The main mission of H&M is to offer quality fashion at the best price. In its company report, H&M states numerous of times that quality is more than making sure that products meet or exceed consumers’ expectation. H&M is constantly working towards its vision and mission. And this is the key for its profit and growth. It is not rare to find high quality clothing or clothes at a low price within the fashionindustry. Therefore, by utilizingresources and depending on strong design team, H&M is combing the core competencies of quality, fashiondesign with a best price strategy, to ensure its competitiveness. The idea of the fashion industry is to spot the right trends on catwalks and have the items on shelves before your competitors do. This makes the rivalry level is high since there are a large number of similar retailers including both large and small firms. The rapid change in the industry leads firms constantly renewing their product to appeal to fickle customer bases as well. In addition, the loss of consuming interest on apparel caused by

The Challenges In Implementing Erp Systems

The Challenges In Implementing Erp Systems ERP is the process of integrating all the business functions and processes in an organization to achieve numerous benefits. First, a single point of data entry helps to reduce data redundancy while saving employees time in entering data, thereby reducing labour and overhead costs. Second, the centralization of information, decision-making, and control leads to increases in efficiencies of operations and productivity, as well as coordination between departments, divisions, regions, and even countries. This is especially true for multinational corporations (MNC), in which global integration could result in better communications and coordination around the world. The global sourcing and distribution of parts and services could also provide appropriate benchmarks for operations around the world. Third, the sharing of a centralized database provides business managers with accurate and up-to-date information to make well informed business decisions. Further, it reduces data redundancy while improving data integrity at the same time. Fourth, functional integration will consolidate all sorts of data, such as financial, manufacturing, and sales, to take advantage of bulk discounts. ERP is especially important for companies who are intimately connected to their vendors and customers, and who used electronic data interchange (EDI) to process sales transactions electronically. Therefore, the implementation of ERP is exceptionally beneficial to businesses such as manufacturing plants that mass-produce products with little changes. Nevertheless, the revolutionary and innovative ERP software system quickly expands into other business areas such as finance and retailing. ERP also provides companies with a competitive advantage over their competitors. But despite these several benefits, there are also certain challenges faced by ERP, especially during the implementation phase. Some of the challenges faced during the implementation of an ERP system are explained in the following sections. Typically ERP systems are very costly, take a lot of time to implement and have a risk associated with implementation, and also affect the job profiles of many employees. Thus the three major dimensions involved are money, time and people involvement. In addition, there is also a requirement to re-engineer existing business practices to match the needs of the new ERP system. AN ERP IMPLEMENTATION PLAN The following flowchart depicts several activities that must be performed before implementing an ERP system. Step 1: Managers must conduct a feasibility study of the current situation to assess the organizations needs by analyzing the availability of hardware, software, databases, and in-house computer expertise, and make the decision to implement ERP where integration is essential. They must also set goals for improvement and establish objectives for the implementation, and calculate the break-even points and benefits to be received from this expensive IT investment. Step 2: The second major activity involves educating and recruiting end users to be involved throughout the implementation process. Step 3: Managers form a project team or steering committee that consists of experts from all functional areas to lead the project. Step 4: After a decision is made to implement ERP, a team of system consultants will be hired to evaluate the appropriateness of implementing an ERP system, and to help select the best enterprise software provider and the best approach to implementing ERP. In most situations, the consultant team also recommends the modules that are best suited to the companys operations (manufacturing, financial, human resources, logistics, forecasting, etc.), system configurations, and Business-to-Business applications such as supply-chain management, customer relationship management, e-procurement, and e-marketplace. Step 5: Adequate employee and manager training must be provided to all business, stakeholders, including managers, end users, customers, and vendors, before the system is implemented. Such training is usually customized and can be provided by either internal or outside trainers. Step 6: The system installation process will address issues such as software configuration, hardware acquisition, and software testing. Step 7: Data and information in the databases must be converted to the format used in the new ERP system and servers and networks need to be upgraded. A post implementation review is recommended to ensure that all business objectives established during the planning phase are achieved. Needed modifications are tackled during this phase too. Issues Faced while Implementing an ERP Although issues faced while implementing an ERP are numerous, but this report classifies them majorly into selection related issues, technical issues, psychological issues, organisational change related issues and time and cost related problems. Selecting an appropriate ERP The first and foremost challenge faced by many organisations is deciding what sort of an ERP system they should select to implement. The managers must decide on the size, type and scope of the ERP system they actually require and how to choose the best solution amongst the existing hundreds of systems in the market. This selection problem arises for all businesses without exception and should be considered as seriously as possible for the reason that ERP system choice defines a companys strategy for at least the following 6 to 10 years and, no doubt, has a major impact on the future success of the entire business. To decide on the implementation of a successful ERP program, the managers should have an in-depth understanding of the organisations current business processes, organisational structure, culture, work environment and financial and economic strength. Due to enormous impact on the competitive advantage of the company, top management must consider the strategic implications of implementing an ERP solution keeping in mind the size of the company and the modules installed. Management must ponder about several topics like:- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Does the ERP system strengthen the companys competitive position? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How does ERP affect the organizational structure and the culture? What is the scope of the ERP implementation only a few functional units or the entire organization? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Are there any alternatives that meet the companys needs better than an ERP system? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ If it is a multinational corporation, the management should be concerned about whether it would be better to roll the system out globally or restrict it to certain regional units? Only when all these points have been taken care of, can an ERP system be selected for further implementation. Technical Issues Once the appropriate ERP is selected, the arduous task of implementation has only begun. The next part of implementation issues are related to the technical aspects of the project both hardware and software. These issues include the existing servers and workstations to be updated and new and modern ones to be ordered, purchased, and replaced. The internal network also has to be analyzed and modernized if required; the speed and bandwidth of the existing Internet access should be taken into consideration, along with possible technical concerns about the mobile devices being used. If these questions are underestimated, they can dramatically impact the overall result of the project and easily result in slow performance in the first few weeks, or in some cases months of ERP implementation hence resulting in a slackening of the existing pace of business. However the situation has been changed during the last few years, and plenty of software-as-a-service (SaaS) applications that have shown up on the market now allow the cost and headache of hardware problems to be minimized. More specifically, ERP systems need a Graphical User Interface at the front end, and are based on a client-server technology. They require the ability to access and share data across all applications across different platforms. Some servers and equipment might have a need to be custom built, and that can also cause a time lag in ERP implementation. In short, it can be said that the unique hardware and software needs of an ERP system, along with the continued use of pre existing applications in an organisation can prove to be tricky and are a major consideration while implementing an ERP. Data quality and consistency issues This issue is common in companies that are implementing ERP for the first time and transferring their legacy data into the new system from Excel spreadsheets, manual records, or old disparate applications. Basically, the question is that old data that have been used and stored for years can for many reasons appear approximate or even incorrect in the new ERP system. Integration of data from other older systems with the new ERP system is a major concern while implementing the system. A particular company might have accounting and finance systems operating on different mainframes (say IBM 370 architecture), MRP systems on a high end VAX, and a logistics system on an AS 400. The legacy systems of this company might be coded in COBOL. Thus, the implementation of a new ERP system for such a company needs to be done very carefully and requires technical judgement for the implementation of this new system. People related Psychological Issues This is the most difficult type of issue to resolve. These are the questions and issues that originate from the aspect of human nature that never accepts any change without seeing the visible advantages of it. People-related issues such as corporate philosophy and leadership style can play an important role in the ERP implementation process. Research has concluded that active top management support and commitment are essential to the success of any system implementation. Frequently, executive councils and steering committees consisting of top managers are developed to plan and manage the IT initiatives. Employees can be quite wary of any kind of change in the business processes, particularly during periods of economic downturn. Ill-trained employees who fight the changes in the business process tend to be poor performers. Therefore, to increase the chance of a successful ERP implementation and to reduce users resistance to change, employees, especially those who are very knowledgeable with the operations, must be involved in all stages of the implementation process. Employees must also be educated about the ERP installation. Such educational endeavours should include a concise introduction to the basic concepts and architecture of ERP systems, including actual screen shots of the function modules. During these training sessions, it is important to discuss the managerial issues involved and to build a basic understanding of the integration concepts prior to the actual installation of the ERP system. Further, any Business-to- Business initiatives, reengineering projects, alliances, an d the introduction of new technologies should also be addressed. Project managers must take charge of the implementation process at all times. They must oversee the reengineering of the key business processes, reassign job responsibilities, restructure the organizations chart, and redefine work relationships. Further, they must also learn how to manage the software vendors and any outside consultants. Employees working on an ERP implementation project put in long hours (as much as 20 hours per day) including seven-day weeks and even holidays. Even though the experience is valuable for their career growth, the stress of implementation coupled with regular job duties could decrease their morale rapidly. Leadership from upper management and support and caring acts of project leaders would certainly boost the morale of the team members. Other strategies, such as taking the employees on field trips, could help reduce the stress and improve the morale. Organisational Changes ERP implementation brings significant changes into a companys conventional business model and the day-to day practices it has been using for years or even decades. ERP implementation requires organizations to reengineer their key business processes in fundamental ways, revamping old ways of conducting business, redefining job responsibilities, and restructuring the organization. For major multinational corporations (MNC), the ERP systems must be customized to address global issues where different countries have different ways of doing business, and to incorporate country-specific business practices pertaining to accounting, tax requirements, environmental regulations, human resources, manufacturing, and currency conversion into the integrated systems. While integrating the information systems across various countries, three types of misfits (relating to data, process, and output) can occur due to incompatibilities between software functionality and organizational requirements as well as differences in cultural and regulatory environments. The unique context of each country in which an organization operates must be carefully included into the traditionally Western-biased business practices inherent in the ERP systems. Implementation Cost and Time Implementation Cost: Even though the price of prewritten software is cheap compared with in-house development, the total cost of implementation could be three to five times the purchase price of the software. The implementation costs would increase as the degree of customization increases. After training the selected employees, strategies such as bonus programs, company perks, salary increases, continual training and education, and appeals to company loyalty work to retain them. Other intangible strategies such as flexible work hours, telecommuting options, and opportunities to work with leading-edge technologies are also being used. Implementation Time: ERP systems come in modular fashion and do not have to be implemented entirely at once. ERP packages are very general and need to be configured to a specific type of business and may follow a phase-in approach with one module implemented at a time. Some of the most commonly installed modules are sales and distribution (SD), materials management (MM), production and planning, (PP), and finance and controlling (FI) modules. The length of implementation is affected by the number of modules being implemented, the scope of the implementation, the extent of customization, and the number of interfaces with other applications. The more the number of units, the longer the implementation time. Further as the scope of implementation grows from a single business unit to multiple units spread out globally, the duration of implementation increases. Conclusion An ERP implementation is a huge commitment from the organization, causing millions of dollars and can take up to several years to complete. However, when it is integrated successfully, the benefits can be enormous. A well-designed and properly integrated ERP system allows the most updated information to be shared among various business functions, thereby resulting in tremendous cost savings and increased efficiency. When making the implementation decision, management must considered fundamental issues such as the organizations readiness for a dramatic change, the degree of integration, key business processes to be implemented, older applications to be included, and whether or not new hardware needs to be acquired. In order to increase the chance of user acceptance, employees must be consulted and be involved in all stages of the implementation process. Providing proper education and appropriate training are also two important strategies to increase the end user acceptance rate. The o rganization is also going through a drastic change, with changes in the way businesses are conducted, the organization being restructured, and job responsibilities being redefined. And finally, the cost and time of implementation of an ERP system also are a major challenge faced during the implementation process.

Self-Hate in Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye Essay -- Essays on The Blu

At a time when blue-eyed, pale skin Shirley Temple is idolized by white and black alike, eleven-year-old Pecola Breedlove desperately seeks out beauty for herself. In order to attain beauty in her culture, Pecola must do the impossible: find white beauty. Toni Morrison shows the disastrous effects that colorism and racism can have on a whole culture and how African- Americans will tear each other apart in order to fit into the graces of white society. The desire to be considered beautiful in the white world is so compelling, that the characters in The Bluest Eye loathe their own skin color and feel shame for their culture. These feelings of self-loathing and contempt pass on from the adults to their children, creating a continuous cycle of negativity and self-hate. â€Å"Here was an ugly little black girl asking for beauty†¦A little black girl who wanted to rise up out of the pit of her blackness and see the world with blue eyes† (Morrison, 174). By petitioning for white beauty, Pecola Breedlove is desperately attempting to pull herself out of the pit of blackness. Because Pecola has dark-skin and authentic African-American features, black and white society has conditioned her to believe that she is ugly. Pecola.s physical features ensure her to be a victim of classical racism; classical racism being the notion that the â€Å"physical ugliness of blackness is a sign of a deeper ugliness and depravity† (Taylor, 16). This notion allows the mistreatment of dark-skinned people because their blackness is a link to a â€Å"dark past† and to uncivilized ways. Pecola does not epitomize white society.s standards of beauty because she does not have light skin and trademark blue eyes; therefore, she must be ugly and ba... ...Melus: 19.4 (1994): 109-127. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 24 March 2014. Lobodziec, Agnieszka. â€Å"Theological Models of Black Middle-Class Performance in Toni Morrison.s Novels.† Black Theology: An International Journal 8.1 (2010): 32-52. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 24 March 2014. McKittrick, Katherine. â€Å"Black and „Cause I.m Black I.m Blue.: transverse racial geographies in Toni Morrison.s The Bluest Eye.† Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 7.2 (2000): 125. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 24 March 2014. Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. New York: Penguin, 1970. Print. Taylor, Paul C. â€Å"Malcom.s Conk and Danto.s Colors; or Four Logical Petitions Concerning Race, Beauty, and Aesthetics.† Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism 57.1 (2000): 16-20. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 23 March 2014.

Philosophy as Metaphysics Essay

ABSTRACT: Philosophy works with special types of objects: the totalities. The basic characteristics of this type of object are their metaphysical, transcendental, and total character. The character of these objects determines the specificity of language and the methods of philosophy. The language of philosophy represents symbolic language; speculation is the basic method of philosophy. On the one hand, objects of this type emphasis homo sapien as essences capable of constructing such objects, which in turn assumes the ability of human consciousness to make synthetic acts. On the basis of philosophy as metaphysics, an original approach is offered which divides the history of philosophy into periods as well as providing analysis of different philosophical systems. Feature of philosophical activity, as against a science, is the work with special, not physical objects — the totalities, which are constituted by the philosopher. One of such objects is the world, and, in this sense, we often say, that philosophy is a wel-tanschauung (world-outlook) . Certainly, the world as some set of things can be studied by physics (sciences in a broad sense), but in this case a researcher can miss the point that the world is a totality, not just a simple set of things. As distinct from scientific study the philosophy takes its objects as the totalities, which the subject of knowledge cannot study as ordinary objects, because the including the learning subject character of these the totalities excludes any standard scientific approach to knowledge in principle. Others examples of the above mentioned objects (the totalities) are Ego and God. Objects of this type (with some reservations) are a lot of human being phenomena, such as love, virtue, conscience, courage, bravery, understanding and so on. All these objects are those, that the precise fixing of objective criteria of their existence is impossible, it is impossible to create the high-grade theory of these phenomena (for example, theory of love or bravery), as they assume not only objective Contemplator (as it occurs in case of objects of scientific knowledge), but also postulate the Actor inside them, that causes essentially twinkling way of them being. (2) Exactly the character of these objects determined essential features of the philosophizing as metaphysical activity. The underlining of metaphysical character of philosophy objects dictates the special procedures of work with them, distinct from of methods of scientific knowledge. Metaphysical objects — constructs cannot be given in frameworks of physical experience; the study — constructing of these objects occurs by a way of thinking means, procedures of speculation. That is why the one of the most typical mistakes in the researching of these objects is procedures of naturalization metaphysical objects, i. e. consideration of natural (physical) analogs of these objects. For example, instead of work with the world (the world as totality) we consider the world as some sets of physical, chemical, biological etc. objects, and instead of the analysis of phenomenon of consciousness proper as metaphysical object the natural analog of consciousness — brain or mentality of the particular human being, we examine. Specifying the status of these objects, it is possible to tell, that the subject of the philosophy activity are metaphysical-transcendental objects, i. e. objects having the boundary status of their existence. The boundary character of these objects allows to specify Kantian distinction sensible phenomena and transcendent things in itself. Moreover, metaphysical-transcendental objects are located on border of other known distinctions of classical philosophy. (3) They are, for example, not subjective and not objective, not conscious and not material. It is interesting in this respect appearance of the first proper philosophical category of being, which, in fact, was entered Parmenid`s as boundary metaphysical-transcendental object being-thinking (in this case, alongside with Parmenid`s postulating his first thesis, entering a category of being, presence of the second his thesis, establishing the coincidence of an entered category of being with another category — the category of thinking). In some sense, metaphysical-transcendental objects are Husserl`s phenomenal, from which as a result of procedures of objectivizing and (or) subjectivizing the subjects and objects can be received, i. e. is entered subjective-objective distinction of New time. On the other hand, the boundary character of these objects allows still to work with them ( I specially avoid the term to learn, as far as these procedures are applied only for work with usual objects). Above this mode of working with them was named as speculation, which, as a result, the construction of these objects to occur by a way of thinking means. The creation such thinking construct is caused by that the person aspires to understand mode of functioning of the totalities, which surround him. And just this phenomenon of surprise before presence of such totalities is a beginning and basic nerve of philosophy. In this sense, philosophizing is possible only as an act of work of the beings, capable to postulate these totalities, due to synthetic acts (Kant), as being, perceiving the environmental world not in itself, but by means of symbolical function (Cassirer), through a prism of the transformed forms (Marx, Mamardaschvili). Another important characteristic of metaphysical objects is their total-making nature. It means, that the purpose of designing such objects is the attempt of understanding of some phenomenon of totality (for example, the world as whole, totality) in light of a question how (why) this phenomenon is possible?. The answer to this question assumes revealing mechanism of existence of this phenomenon. That is why it is important for the philosopher not to know some common aspect, that is allowed at a level of the primary, superficial description of it and other similar objects, but to know general (total) principle of functioning of objects of this type. For example, if a row of the plane polygons is given to us, a triangle(4) will act as general principle of this variety, because all others plane polygons can be given with the help of a triangle. Thus, philosophical constructs act as transcendental condition of seeing of other physical objects. That the phenomenon of seeing of a house was possible as some totality, it is necessary to postulate a row of transcendental conditions of this phenomenon, among them we can allocate necessity being of the house (Parmenid), recognition (and taking shape) this being by means of idea of home (Plato), fixing the house as an object of perception by some subject (Decartes) within spatial-temporary a priory forms of sensuality (Kant). On the other hand, a row of such philosophical constructs define a horizon, a way of seeing of subjects (Wittgenstein), associated with a certain epoch. For example, the mentioned above transcendental conditions of a phenomenon of seeing of a house define a way of seeing of subjects within the framework of classical philosophy. In this sense these constructs act as total-necessary cultural machines, that set the cultural way of living activity of the person and made imperceptible but essential background of his existence. For example, when a modern man looks at star sky, he sees not simply separate stars, but constellations — and it is impossible to explain to a person from other culture (and the more so, being, which is not having ability to the synthetic acts). Moreover, developing this example with constructing of constellations, it is possible to tell, that exactly it has made possible occurrence of such activity as an astrology. The above mentioned metaphysical character of philosophy objects causes the specification of the language and methods philosophizing. The language of philosophy has not signal, but symbolical character. Let’s stop on it hardly more in detail. Already science differs from the common sense description, because it uses some abstraction, ideal elements, which, in a common case, it is impossible to compare any certain objects of the physical validity. For example, as D. Gilbert says, in mathematics, those are language fictions, and one of the main problems of a substantiation of mathematics is either an exception these fictions, or imposing some certain restrictions — all that prevent the appearance of negative consequences, while using language fictions. Any language works with signs, besides that, any theory deals with mentioned language fictions (=  «symbols »), i. e. such kinds of signs, with which nothing corresponds in sensible reality. For example, in physics has concepts a material point, an absolutely black body, etc. They are often called as abstract — ideal objects, which turn out by a way of abstraction (idealization) from any properties of real physical objects. But in physics there are and more fictitious objects: cwarcks, for example, which not only is evident not imagine, but also until last time have acted only as theoretical constructs essentially of unobservable nature. In this case we can postulate a metaphysical mode of existence for these objects. It is important to emphasize, that these metaphysical objects do not exist in the same sense, as it is for the particular objects of a physical reality, such as table, chair,etc. The majority of the philosophy terms, its categorical apparatus have such symbolical character. It is impossible to give any referents of philosophical categories inside a physical reality. We can take as an example of such philosophical categories as being, consciousness etc. , for which we can somehow find certain physical analogues (for example, for a philosophical category  «being  » such analogue is the category  «substance » or matter). But there are more humanitarian objects connected with some features of a human being way, for which in general there are no analogues in a nature. These are, for example, concepts virtue, conscience, love, debt, bravery†¦ This specification of the philosophy language, which symbols indicate an existence of a special metaphysical dimension of a reality could be expressed by Kantian exclamation â€Å"Excuse me, but it is not, what I speak about (mean)! † in reply to German poet Schiller`s misunderstanding his categorical imperative. The metaphysical character of the categorical philosophical apparatus predetermines also specification of philosophical reasoning. The postulated non-sense character of perception of objects of the filosophizing assumes the special procedures of work, which were above characterized as a procedure of speculation. The main difficulty thus — is absence of a support on sensible analogy, which often helps us in daily life. The structure a reasoning about pure being (or conscience) is principle different from the reasoning about a tree, or a sex, or other objects of the physical world. Danger, which here waits us — influence of our vital experience, influence sensible hooks, which can destroy the ability for the reflex and philosophical analysis. To explain the idea about involuntary influence ours sensible apparatus, M. Mamardaschvili in the lectures about M. Proust, used as an example biblical commandment when they beat you on the one cheek — put another one as a vivid example of inhibition (Husserl`s  «phenomenological reduction ») of a standard human reaction (reflex), imposed to us by sense-figurative thinking (if somebody hearts you — reply with the same). Moreover, it is possible, that some other logic operates in area of speculative objects, distinct from usual, earthly logic. In particular, according to opinion of the Russian philosopher and the logic N. A. Vasiljev, validity of the logic law of excluded third, has purely earthly an origin and it is connected with primacy, after Aristotle, of individual existing things. (5) If we, following Plato, consider classes of subjects as primary (for instance, subject a class of tables), the law of excluded third will be incorrect, as the table as one of set of subjects of a class of tables can be simultaneously both white and non-white (in instance, green). Of course, here it is necessary to realize, that the opposite properties are attributed to the different individuals of primary â€Å"subject† — different things of the same class). The transfer of the point of view from single objects to classes of objects has allowed N. Vasiljev to formulate imagined logic with the law of excluded fourth. This logic in anything does not concede on its parameters to our habitual logic with the law of excluded third, but expands opportunities of our thinking. Within the framework of this logic the paradoxical coincidence between maximum and minimum, revealed Nikolaj from Kuza, does not cause surprise. The only acceptable procedure for understanding of philosophical categories within of some philosophical framework is the correlation of the different speculative (metaphysics) objects with the help of a method language game.